Most VORs are equipped for voice transmission on the VOR frequency. Normal service ranges for the various classes of VORs are given in GEN 3.4, TBL GEN 3.4-1, VOR/ DME/ TACAN Standard Service Volumes.
They are subject to line-of-sight restrictions, and range varies proportionally to the altitude of the receiving equipment. VORs operate within the 108.0 - 117.95 MHz frequency band and have a power output necessary to provide coverage within their assigned operational service volume. Since ADF receivers do not have a “FLAG” to warn the pilot when erroneous bearing information is being displayed, the pilot should continuously monitor the NDB's identification. Noisy identification usually occurs when the ADF needle is erratic voice, music, or erroneous identification will usually be heard when a steady false bearing is being displayed. Nearly all disturbances which affect the aircraft's Automatic Direction Finder ( ADF) bearing also affect the facility's identification. At night radio beacons are vulnerable to interference from distant stations. Such disturbances result from such factors as lightning, precipitation, static, etc. Radio beacons are subject to disturbances that may result in erroneous bearing information. Voice transmissions are made on radio beacons unless the letter “W” (without voice) is included in the class designator (HW). When a radio beacon is used in conjunction with the Instrument Landing System markers, it is called a Compass Locator.
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All radio beacons except the compass locators transmit a continuous three-letter identification in code except during voice transmissions. These facilities normally operate in a frequency band of 190 to 535 kilohertz (kHz), according to ICAO Annex 10 the frequency range for NDBs is between 1 kHz, and transmit a continuous carrier with either 400 or 1020 hertz (Hz) modulation. NAVIGATION AIDS/SYSTEMS ENR 4.1 Navigation Aids - En RouteĪ low or medium frequency radio beacon transmits nondirectional signals whereby the pilot of an aircraft properly equipped can determine bearings and “home” on the station. FAA Form 7233-4 - International Flight PlanĮNR 4. Gulf of Mexico RNAV Routes Q100, Q102, and Q105.New York Oceanic Control Area (OCA) West Flight Level Allocation.Reduced Separation Climb⁄Descent Procedures.Atlantic High Offshore Airspace Offshore Routes Supporting Florida Airspace Optimization.North Atlantic (NAT) Safety Information.North Atlantic (NAT) Timekeeping Procedures.North Atlantic (NAT) Oceanic Clearance Procedures.Operational Policy ADS−C Distance-Based Separation.Operational Policy 50 NM Lateral Separation.Special Procedures for In-Flight Contingencies in Oceanic Airspace.Bird Migration and Areas With Sensitive Fauna.Prohibited, Restricted, and Other Areas.Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) and Area Navigation (RNAV).
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